A: Of course it can. Why would Canon Law specifically provide for it if it were impossible to identify and demonstrate? That would be irrational. What does Substantial Error mean? Ignorance or misjudgment about the essential nature, main terms, or principal motive of the object of an act. Pope Benedict’s failed attempted partial abdication violates all three terms in this … Continue reading Q&A: Hey Ann, can Substantial Error be objectively demonstrated?